Skin Care & Hair

Athlete’s foot and other fungal skin infections are extremely common. Yet many people feel frustrated or embarrassed when symptoms return again and again despite treatment. You may have found yourself wondering why athlete’s foot keeps coming back or looking for reliable guidance on how to prevent toenail fungus.

Understanding why fungal infections recur can help you break the cycle and protect your skin long-term.

Fungal organisms thrive in warm, moist environments. Feet, especially when enclosed in shoes for long periods, provide ideal conditions for fungal growth.

Common reasons infections return include:

1. The fungus wasn’t fully eliminated

Symptoms such as itching or redness may improve before the fungus is completely gone. Stopping treatment too early allows remaining organisms to multiply again.

2. Reinfection from shoes, socks, or shared surfaces

Fungal spores can survive in:

• Shoes and athletic footwear

• Socks and towels

• Locker room floors and communal showers

Even after successful treatment, exposure to contaminated items can lead to reinfection.

3. Skin barrier damage

Cracked, dry, or macerated skin allows fungi to penetrate more easily. This is common between toes, where moisture tends to collect.

4. Underlying toenail fungus

Toenail fungus often acts as a reservoir. Without addressing it, athlete’s foot keeps coming back, even when skin symptoms are treated repeatedly.

Athlete’s foot (tinea pedis)

Typically causes itching, burning, scaling, and peeling skin, often between the toes or on the soles.

Toenail fungus (onychomycosis)

Leads to thickened, brittle, discolored nails. Toenail fungus is slower to treat and more likely to recur.

Fungal infections elsewhere on the body

Fungi can spread to other areas such as the groin or hands, especially with repeated scratching or shared towels.

Protect your feet in shared spaces

• Wear sandals or shower shoes in locker rooms and pools

• Avoid sharing towels, socks, or shoes

Treat nails and skin together

If you have both athlete’s foot and toenail fungus, treating only the skin may not be enough. Addressing nail infection reduces the chance that fungus will spread back to surrounding skin.

Maintain healthy skin

• Moisturize dry skin to prevent cracking

• Trim toenails straight across and keep them clean

See a healthcare professional if:

• Symptoms persist despite over-the-counter treatment

• Nails become painful, thickened, or distorted

• You have diabetes or circulation problems

• Signs of bacterial infection appear, such as redness, swelling, or drainage

Prescription treatments may be needed for persistent or widespread infections.

Although fungal foot infections are widely discussed online and often considered embarrassing, they’re among the most common skin conditions worldwide. With consistent treatment, proper foot care, and preventive habits, most people can reduce recurrence and protect long-term foot health.

If athlete’s foot keeps coming back, it’s usually not a failure. It’s a sign that prevention and treatment need to work together.

*This article is intended for informational purposes only and should not be substituted for medical advice. For medical questions and advice, it is always best to consult with your trained physician.

Sources:

11 tips to prevent nail fungus. American Academy of Dermatology. (n.d.-a). https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/prevent-another-nail-infection 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.). What causes ringworm and fungal nail infections. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/ringworm/causes/index.html 

How to prevent athlete’s foot. American Academy of Dermatology. (n.d.-b). https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/athletes-foot-prevent 

Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. (2024a, May 15). Nail fungus. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nail-fungus/symptoms-causes/syc-20353294 

If your skin reacts to seemingly everything causing redness, stinging, itching or breakouts, you’re not alone. Sensitive skin is a common concern, and while store shelves are crowded with products promising “active” results, some people may find success using simple, fragrance-free formulas.

Sensitive skin isn’t a medical diagnosis. It’s a symptom pattern and a sign that your skin barrier isn’t functioning optimally.

Common triggers include:

• Fragrance and essential oils

• Harsh surfactants

• Over-exfoliation

• Preservatives or dyes

• Environmental stressors (cold, heat, pollution)

When the skin barrier is compromised, moisture escapes more easily and irritants penetrate more deeply. The result can be burning, redness, dryness or flares of conditions like eczema or rosacea on your skin. 

Here’s what they look for:

Barrier-supporting ingredients

• Petrolatum

• Ceramides

• Glycerin

These help lock in moisture and repair the skin’s protective layer.

Common irritants to avoid

• Fragrance (including essential oils)

• Lanolin (for some people)

• Harsh alcohols

• Unnecessary botanical extracts

While no product works for everyone, Vanicream Sensitive Skin Care products, along with other fragrance free skin care, are often considered a strong option for people seeking the best moisturizer for sensitive skin, especially those with eczema, contact dermatitis or post-procedure skin.

Moisturizer gets a lot of attention, but cleansing can be just as important. Harsh cleansers can strip the skin barrier before moisturizer ever has a chance to help.

If you have sensitive skin, look for a cleanser that is:

• Mild, non-foaming or low-foam formulas

• pH-balanced 

• Labeled for sensitive skin

Using gentle cleansers helps preserve natural oils and reduces irritation, especially when washing your face or body daily.

Sensitive skin doesn’t stop at the jawline. Fragrance and irritants in body washes or lotions can still trigger widespread reactions.

Using fragrance-free body and face products consistently helps reduce cumulative irritation. Many dermatologists advise patients to simplify their entire routine, not just one step, to allow the skin barrier time to heal.

If your skin feels reactive, less may truly be more. Choosing a best moisturizer for sensitive skin, paired with gentle cleansing and fragrance-free care, is often the first  and most effective step toward calmer, healthier skin.

*This article is intended for informational purposes only and should not be substituted for medical advice. For medical questions and advice, it is always best to consult with your trained physician.

Sources: 

Atopic dermatitis: Self-care. American Academy of Dermatology. (n.d.-a). https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/eczema/types/atopic-dermatitis/self-care 

Kim, S., Ly, B. K., Ha, J. H., Carson, K. A., Hawkins, S., Kang, S., & Chien, A. L. (2022, February). A consistent skin care regimen leads to objective and subjective improvements in dry human skin: Investigator-blinded randomized clinical trial. The Journal of dermatological treatment. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7529700/ 

Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. (2024c, November 22). 5 tips for healthy, glowing skin. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/adult-health/in-depth/skin-care/art-20048237 

Skin care in your 40s and 50s. American Academy of Dermatology. (n.d.-d). https://www.aad.org/public/everyday-care/skin-care-basics/care/skin-care-in-your-40s-and-50s 

Flexible Spending Accounts (FSA) and Health Savings Accounts (HSA) are valuable tools that help you manage out-of-pocket health care costs. These accounts let you set aside pre-tax dollars for eligible medical expenses, from prescription medications to select over-the-counter items.

In some cases, you may also be able to use your FSA or HSA funds to purchase skin care products or other health-related items if they are recommended by your health care provider and accompanied by a Letter of Medical Necessity (LMN).

Although FSAs and HSAs serve a similar purpose, which helps you pay for qualified medical expenses with pre-tax funds, there are key differences between the two accounts:

• Eligibility:
• An FSA is typically offered through an employer as part of a benefits package. You cannot open one independently.
• An HSA is available to individuals who are enrolled in a high-deductible health plan (HDHP) and can be opened through an employer or financial institution.
• Ownership and Portability:
• An FSA is owned by your employer. If you leave your job, your unused funds generally do not move with you.
• An HSA is owned by you. The money stays with you even if you change jobs or health plans.
• Rollover Rules:
• FSA funds typically must be used within the plan year, although some employers may allow a small amount to roll over or a short grace period to spend remaining funds.
• HSA funds roll over from year to year without expiration, allowing your balance to grow over time.
• Contribution Limits:
• Both accounts have annual contribution limits that are set by the IRS and can change each year.

Both FSAs and HSAs can be used for a wide variety of eligible expenses, including prescription medications, medical devices, and certain skin care products with a Letter of Medical Necessity.

You may be able to use your FSA or HSA funds for items such as:

• Dermatologist-recommended skin care products, including specific cleansers, moisturizers, or acne treatments used to manage chronic skin conditions such as eczema, rosacea, or severe acne.

• Medical-grade sunscreens prescribed to protect sensitive skin or to manage sun-related disorders.

• Compression garments used for medical conditions like varicose veins or lymphedema.

• Specialty medical devices, such as light therapy tools for psoriasis or percussive therapy guns for chronic pain management.

Always check with your plan administrator to confirm eligibility before making a purchase.

1. Consult your provider: Discuss your symptoms or condition with your health care provider. If a specific product or treatment is recommended, ask whether it qualifies for an LMN.

2. Get the letter in writing: The LMN should include your provider’s name, signature, and a brief explanation of why the product is necessary for your medical condition.

3. Submit documentation: Keep your receipt and the LMN for your records. Some FSA or HSA administrators require you to submit both documents for reimbursement or payment approval.

Using your FSA or HSA funds effectively helps you save money while managing your health needs. A Letter of Medical Necessity ensures that qualified products, particularly those related to chronic skin conditions or ongoing medical care, are covered appropriately.

By understanding what qualifies and maintaining proper documentation, you can make the most of your health spending accounts and focus on what matters most - your well-being.

*Not all products available at Mayo Clinic Store are FSA or HSA eligible, even with a Letter of Medical Necessity (LMN). The Internal Revenue System (IRS) decides which items and expenses can be from an FSA or HSA and are able to modify the list at any time. It is best to always consult with your benefits administator for advice on the eligibility of products. You can also familiarize yourself with the the eligibility requirements from the IRS for medical expenses prior to requesting an LMD from your treating provider. 

Related articles: 

Maximize Your Health Savings for FSA/HSA

Sources: 

Health Care Options, using a flexible spending account FSA. HealthCare.gov. (n.d.). https://www.healthcare.gov/have-job-based-coverage/flexible-spending-accounts/ 

Letter of medical necessity: Definition & examples. MetLife. (n.d.). https://www.metlife.com/stories/benefits/letter-of-medical-necessity/ 

Publication 502 (2024), medical and dental expenses. Internal Revenue Service. (n.d.). https://www.irs.gov/publications/p502 

Many people think sunscreen is only necessary on hot, sunny days. However, dermatologists and skin health experts agree: protecting your skin from the sun’s ultraviolet (UV) rays is important all year long. Whether it’s summer or winter, clear or cloudy, sunscreen plays a key role in maintaining healthy skin and reducing the risk of long-term damage.

The sun emits two types of harmful rays: ultraviolet A (UVA) and ultraviolet B (UVB). UVA rays penetrate deep into the skin and contribute to premature aging and wrinkles, while UVB rays cause sunburn. Both types can increase your risk of skin cancer, including melanoma, the most serious form.

Even when it’s cloudy, up to 80% of UV rays can pass through the clouds. Snow, sand, and water can also reflect sunlight, increasing your exposure. That means you can still experience sun damage on overcast or cold days, during outdoor activities, or even while driving.

For effective protection, dermatologists recommend using a broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher. “Broad-spectrum” means the product protects against both UVA and UVB rays.

If you have sensitive or acne-prone skin, look for sunscreens labeled “noncomedogenic” or “for sensitive skin.” Mineral-based sunscreens containing zinc oxide or titanium dioxide are often well tolerated.

Water-resistant formulas are helpful during physical activity, swimming, or sweating, but should still be reapplied at least every two hours.

To get the most benefit from your sunscreen:

• Apply it 15 minutes before going outside.

• Use about one ounce (a shot glass full) to cover exposed skin.

• Don’t forget your ears, neck, tops of feet, and back of your hands.

• Reapply every two hours, or more often if you’re swimming or sweating.

Sunscreen should be part of your daily routine, just like brushing your teeth. Apply it to your face, neck, and any exposed areas each morning, even if you’ll spend most of the day indoors. UVA rays can penetrate glass, meaning your skin is still at risk while driving or sitting near windows.

• Use lip balm with SPF 15 or higher.

• Wear protective clothing, a wide-brimmed hat, and UV-blocking sunglasses.

• Seek shade during midday hours when the sun’s rays are strongest.

• Avoid tanning beds, which emit harmful UV radiation.

Sunscreen is a simple, effective way to protect your skin and promote lifelong skin health. By making sunscreen a daily habit, you can reduce your risk of skin cancer, prevent early signs of aging, and keep your skin healthy no matter the season. 

*This article is intended for informational purposes only and should not be substituted for medical advice. For medical questions and advice, it is always best to consult with your trained physician.

Sources: 

Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. (n.d.). Sunscreen: How to help protect your skin from the sun. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/understanding-over-counter-medicines/sunscreen-how-help-protect-your-skin-sun 

Sunscreen. The Skin Cancer Foundation. (2025, October 20). https://www.skincancer.org/skin-cancer-prevention/sun-protection/sunscreen/ 

Sunscreen faqs. American Academy of Dermatology. (n.d.-d). https://www.aad.org/media/stats-sunscreen 

Sunscreen is often associated with sunny days and beach vacations. But daily exposure to the sun—regardless of the season—can lead to significant, long-term skin damage. The sun emits ultraviolet (UV) radiation in the form of UVA and UVB rays. Over time, these rays can contribute to premature skin aging, discoloration, and increase the risk of skin cancer. However, sunlight isn’t the only environmental factor that affects skin health. Blue light from digital devices, air pollution, and infrared radiation also play a role in skin aging and inflammation.

The term broad spectrum refers to sunscreen that protects against both UVA and UVB radiation. UVB rays are responsible for sunburn, while UVA rays penetrate deeper into the skin and contribute to aging and long-term DNA damage.

Mineral sunscreens, also called physical sunscreens, use active ingredients such as zinc oxide and titanium dioxide to form a barrier on the skin’s surface. These ingredients reflect and scatter UV radiation rather than absorbing it. Zinc oxide is especially valued for its ability to provide broad-spectrum protection. Research shows that zinc oxide also absorbs some radiation, offering additional defense.

Some sunscreen brands incorporate only mineral actives in their formulations, avoiding chemical UV filters altogether. Other sunscreen brands may focus solely on using chemical UV filters. Others produce hybrid formulas that combine mineral and chemical ingredients to improve texture and application. Whether formulas use mineral, chemical or hybrid active ingredients,  safety and efficacy should be a top priority while also appealing to different skin types and consumer preferences.

Today’s sunscreens are evolving to offer protection beyond UV radiation. Daily exposure to blue light, pollution, and infrared radiation can lead to oxidative stress, which damages skin cells and accelerates aging.

These advancements represent a shift in how we think about sunscreen. Protection now means guarding against the full range of environmental stressors—not just UV radiation. Choosing a sunscreen that includes blue light protection and antioxidant support may help reduce the signs of early aging and support long-term skin health.

Below are common foundational ingredients, their protective capabilities, and their key attributes:

High-quality sunscreens don’t just protect, but they can also care for the skin. Hydrating and soothing ingredients improve both the experience of wearing sunscreen and its overall effectiveness.

Some sunscreens include hydration boosters like hyaluronic acid and sodium hyaluronate, which help the skin retain moisture. Niacinamide (vitamin B3), found in select sunscreen products, helps strengthen the skin barrier, reduce redness, and balance oil production. Other skin-supporting ingredients include:

• Ceramides: Essential lipids that reinforce the skin’s natural moisture barrier
• Vitamins C and E: Antioxidants that neutralize free radicals and support skin repair

In addition to choosing ingredients that support skin health, these brands also focus on cosmetic elegance. Textures that are lightweight, sheer, and blend easily help ensure that sunscreen is worn consistently. Both brands offer formulas designed to avoid white residue and greasy finishes. Colorescience even offers water- and sweat-resistant options to support outdoor use.

Daily sunscreen use is critical to protecting skin; however, it only works when used consistently. Products that feel comfortable and enhance the skin’s appearance are more likely to be applied every day.

As dermatologists learn more about environmental damage, sunscreen formulations have become more advanced and more protective.

High quality sunscreen begins with effective active ingredients. It also includes ingredients that target pollution, infrared, and blue light damage. Skincare enhancing components, like antioxidants, ceramides, and hydration boosters, further support healthy skin and encourage consistent use.

When choosing a sunscreen, look for products that are:

• Broad spectrum: Protects against both UVA and UVB
• Rich in antioxidants: Helps neutralize free radicals from pollution and light
• Hydrating and soothing: Supports the skin barrier and prevents dryness
• Comfortable to wear: Lightweight, sheer, and blendable

The best sunscreen is a sunscreen you will use consistently. Sunscreen should be a daily part of your skincare routine, not just during sunny days, but year-round. A high-quality formulation does more than protect; it helps support your skin’s overall health and appearance. By choosing a sunscreen that combines advanced protection with skin-friendly ingredients, you invest in your skin’s health today and for the future.

*This article is intended for informational purposes only and should not be substituted for medical advice. For medical questions and advice, it is always best to consult with your trained physician.

Related Articles: 

The Importance of Ingredient Quality and Formulation in Skincare Products

Treating and Protecting Your Skin and Hair

Sources: 

Bernstein, E. F., Sarkas, H. W., & Boland, P. (2021, February). Iron oxides in novel skin care formulations attenuate blue light for enhanced protection against Skin Damage. Journal of cosmetic dermatology. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7894303/ 

Cao Y;Zhang X;He X;Wang W;Yi Y;Ai Y; (n.d.). Efficacy of ceramide-containing sunscreen on skin barrier. Journal of cosmetic dermatology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37641585/ 

S;, D. D. S. H. (n.d.). Effectiveness of antioxidants (vitamin C and E) with and without sunscreens as topical photoprotectants. Acta dermato-venereologica. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8869680/ 

Sciences, N. A. of, Engineering, & and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Division on Earth and Life Studies; Board on Health Sciences Policy; Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology; Ocean Studies Board; Committee on Environmental Impact of Currently Marketed Sunscreens and Pot. (2022, August 9). Introduction to sunscreens and their UV filters. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK587270/ 

Scars are a natural part of the healing process, but for many, they can be a source of physical discomfort or emotional distress. Whether caused by surgery, injury or skin conditions such as acne, scars can vary in appearance and severity. Fortunately, there are effective treatment strategies, including the use of silicone-based products and sun protection, to help improve scar appearance and support healthy skin recovery.

Scarring is the body’s natural response to skin injury. When the dermis, or the deep layer of skin, is damaged, the body forms collagen fibers to repair the wound. This results in scar tissue, which has a different texture and quality than the surrounding skin. Some scars fade over time, while others may become raised (hypertrophic), sunken (atrophic), or discolored.

Silicone has been widely studied and recommended by dermatologists and plastic surgeons as a first-line treatment for scars, particularly hypertrophic scars and keloids.

Silicone sheets and gels work by creating a protective barrier over the scar that helps regulate the skin’s moisture balance and temperature. This barrier:

• Hydrates the scar tissue, preventing excessive collagen production that can cause raised scars
• Reduces tension on the scar site, which is important for minimizing scar elevation
• Acts as a semi-occlusive layer, allowing oxygen in while keeping water in, promoting a healing environment

Consistent use of silicone gel or silicone sheets for at least 12 hours a day over a period of 8 to 12 weeks can significantly flatten and fade scars. Silicone is generaly safe for most skin types, non-invasive, and easy to apply, making it a preferred option in both clinical and at-home scar management.

Combining silicone-based treatments with sun protection can enhance overall scar healing. Here’s how to use both effectively:

• Wait for absorption: If using silicone gel, allow it to fully dry before applying sunscreen.
• Layer carefully: If using silicone sheets, apply sunscreen to the surrounding area or use UV-protective clothing if the sheet covers the scar.
• Stay consistent: Use silicone treatment daily, and reapply sunscreen every two hours when outdoors.

While over-the-counter silicone products and sunscreens are effective for many, some scars may require additional interventions, such as laser therapy, steroid injections, or surgical revision. If you’re concerned about a scar’s appearance or healing process, consult a dermatologist or wound care specialist for personalized treatment options.

*This article is intended for informational purposes only and should not be substituted for medical advice. For medical questions and advice, it is always best to consult with your trained physician.

Sources: 

Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. (2023b, July 13). Keloid Scar. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/keloid-scar/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20520902 

Mustoe, T. A. (2020b, December 8). Silicone gel for scar prevention. Textbook on Scar Management: State of the Art Management and Emerging Technologies [Internet]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK586090/ 

Proper wound care: How to minimize a scar. American Academy of Dermatology. (n.d.-a). https://www.aad.org/public/everyday-care/injured-skin/burns/wound-care-minimize-scars 

Puri, N., & Talwar, A. (2009, July). The efficacy of silicone gel for the treatment of hypertrophic scars and keloids. Journal of cutaneous and aesthetic surgery. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2918339/ 

Related articles: 

Tips for Scar Management

Skin rejuvenation is a common goal for individuals seeking to improve tone, texture, and overall appearance. While professional treatments can be effective, noninvasive tools like LED face masks and hot and cold therapies are becoming increasingly popular for at-home skincare. These therapies may support natural healing, reduce inflammation, and promote a more radiant complexion.

Skin rejuvenation refers to any treatment or practice that helps restore the skin’s appearance. It may involve improving:

• Appearance of fine lines and wrinkles
• Skin texture and tone
• Pigmentation and redness
• Acne and inflammation
• Collagen production

Noninvasive therapies can complement daily skincare routines and help maintain long-term skin health.

Heat therapy, or thermotherapy, can help open pores and increase blood circulation, making it easier for the skin to absorb products and release impurities.

Benefits of Warm Compress or Facial Steam

• Improves circulation: Delivers oxygen and nutrients to the skin
• Opens pores: Helps remove dirt and oil
• Relaxes facial muscles: Can reduce tension that contributes to fine lines

Safe Use

Use warm (not hot) towels or a facial steamer for 5–10 minutes. Avoid excessive heat, which may damage the skin or exacerbate conditions like rosacea.

Cold therapy, or cryotherapy, helps constrict blood vessels, reduce puffiness, and may help tighten the skin. 

Benefits

• Reduces inflammation and redness
• Minimizes puffiness around the eyes
• Tightens pores and smooths skin texture

Common Types of Cold Therapy Tools

• Chilled jade rollers or facial globes
• Ice packs wrapped in soft cloth
• Refrigerated sheet masks

Apply cold therapy for short periods—typically 1–2 minutes at a time—to avoid skin damage.

Using LED light therapy alongside temperature-based skincare tools can enhance results when done correctly.

• Before LED treatment: Use warm compresses to prepare the skin and open pores.
• After LED treatment: Apply cold therapy to soothe the skin and reduce redness.
• Routine use: Consistency is key—consider integrating LED masks and hot/cold therapies 2–5 times weekly, depending on your skin's needs.

Always follow product guidelines and give your skin time to adjust to any new treatment.

While these therapies are generally safe, you should seek professional guidance if you experience:

• Persistent skin irritation or redness
• Worsening acne or rosacea
• Unusual reactions to light or temperature

A board-certified dermatologist can help determine if these tools are appropriate for your skin type and condition.

*This article is intended for informational purposes only and should not be substituted for medical advice. For medical questions and advice, it is always best to consult with your trained physician.

Sources: 

Ablon, G. (2018, February). Phototherapy with light emitting diodes: Treating a broad range of medical and aesthetic conditions in dermatology. The Journal of clinical and aesthetic dermatology. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5843358/ 

Couturaud V;Le Fur M;Pelletier M;Granotier F; (n.d.). Reverse skin aging signs by red light photobiomodulation. Skin research and technology : official journal of International Society for Bioengineering and the Skin (ISBS) [and] International Society for Digital Imaging of Skin (ISDIS) [and] International Society for Skin Imaging (ISSI). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37522497/ 

Palmer FR;Hsu M;Narurkar V;Munyon T;Day D;Karnik J;Tatsutani K; (n.d.). Safety and effectiveness of focused cold therapy for the treatment of hyperdynamic forehead wrinkles. Dermatologic surgery : official publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et al.]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25654195/ 

Scars are a natural part of the body’s healing process, forming when the skin repairs itself after an injury, surgery, or skin condition such as acne. While scars are permanent, proper care can help minimize their appearance and improve skin texture. Understanding how to treat both new and old scars can make a significant difference in their visibility over time.

Different types of scars require different management strategies. The main types include:

• Hypertrophic scars: Raised, red scars that stay within the boundary of the original wound.
• Keloid scars: Thick, raised scars that extend beyond the original wound site and may continue to grow.
• Atrophic scars: Sunken or pitted scars, often caused by acne or chickenpox.
• Contracture scars: Tight, restrictive scars that form after burns or deep skin damage.

Older scars are more challenging to treat but can still improve with the right approach.

• Silicone gel or sheets: Helps soften and flatten raised scars over time.
• Over-the-counter scar creams: Products containing onion extract or allantoin may reduce scar thickness and discoloration.

For more severe or persistent scars, medical treatments may be necessary:

• Laser therapy: Reduces redness and improves skin texture by promoting collagen remodeling.
• Microdermabrasion or chemical peels: Helps resurface the skin and smooth out atrophic scars.
• Corticosteroid injections: Reduces inflammation in hypertrophic and keloid scars.
• Surgical revision: Involves removing or repositioning the scar to make it less noticeable.

Consult a dermatologist if the scar is painful, itchy, or significantly affecting your confidence. A medical professional can recommend the best treatment plan based on the scar’s type, location, and age.

Scar management involves a combination of prevention, early treatment, or professional care. Whether dealing with a fresh wound or an old scar, options are available to improve skin appearance and texture. 

*This article is intended for informational purposes only and should not be substituted for medical advice. For medical questions and advice, it is always best to consult with your trained physician.

Sources:

Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. (2023b, July 13). Keloid Scar. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/keloid-scar/symptoms-causes/syc-20520901 

Mustoe, T. A. (2020, December 8). International Scar Classification in 2019. Textbook on Scar Management: State of the Art Management and Emerging Technologies [Internet]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK586057/ 

Samuel J. Lin, M. & E. S. (2022, June 9). Scar treatment 101: What are the first steps? American Society of Plastic Surgeons. https://www.plasticsurgery.org/news/blog/scar-treatment-101-what-are-the-first-steps 

Scars: Diagnosis and treatment. American Academy of Dermatology. (n.d.). https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/scars-treatment 

Maintaining healthy skin requires a consistent skincare routine that supports skin regeneration, hydration, and protection from environmental stressors. A more youthful appearance and healthier skin may be achieved by following a structured morning and evening skincare regimen. 

The Center for Aesthetic Medicine & Surgery in Rochester, Minnesota, is a leading multispecialty center dedicated to providing personalized aesthetic care. The expert team collaborates to deliver comprehensive treatments in a state-of-the-art environment tailored to unique needs of patients. 

At the Center for Aesthetic Medicine & Surgery, patients receive exceptional care from world-renowned specialists, including:

• Dermatologists
• Facial plastic surgeons
• Plastic surgeons
• Oculoplastic surgeons
• Vascular medicine providers

“At Mayo Clinic’s Center for Aesthetic Medicine and Surgery, we recognize that every individual’s skin is unique. Our approach prioritizes personalized care and science-backed routines that support long-term skin health, regeneration, and protection. By tailoring morning and evening regimens to each patient’s needs, we empower individuals to maintain youthful, resilient skin and optimize their skin longevity.”

— Saranya Wyles, MD, PhD, Dermatologist, Mayo Clinic

The following morning and nighttime skincare regimens have been developed in collaboration with the Center for Aesthetic Medicine & Surgery Department at Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota.

A morning skincare routine should focus on cleansing, hydration, and protection to help prepare skin for the day ahead.

1. Cleanse: Start the day with a gentle cleanser to remove overnight buildup of oils and impurities without stripping skin’s natural moisture.
2. Regenerative: Apply a regenerative serum containing peptides or stem cell-derived ingredients to support skin renewal and repair.
3. Eye Treatment: Use a hydrating and de-puffing eye cream to reduce morning puffiness and fine lines around the delicate eye area.
4. Antioxidant: Apply an antioxidant serum, such as one containing vitamin C, to help protect the skin from environmental damage caused by free radicals.
5. Growth Factor: Use a growth factor serum to support collagen production and maintain skin elasticity.
6. Correct: Target specific skin concerns, such as hyperpigmentation or redness, with a corrective treatment recommended by your dermatologist.
7. Brighten: Apply a brightening serum or cream to enhance skin radiance and even out the complexion.
8. Hydrate: Lock in moisture with a lightweight, non-comedogenic moisturizer suitable for the skin type.
9. Protect: Finish with a broad-spectrum sunscreen (SPF 30 or higher) to shield skin from harmful UV rays and prevent premature aging.

5. Growth Factor: Apply a growth factor serum to support skin rejuvenation and collagen synthesis.

6. Correct: Use a targeted treatment for concerns such as acne, dark spots, or uneven tone.

7. Hydrate: Seal in moisture with a rich, hydrating night cream or facial oil to maintain skin hydration overnight.

A well-structured skincare routine can significantly enhance skin’s health and appearance. Choose products suited to skin type and concerns and always use sun protection during the day. If there are specific skin conditions or are unsure which products are best, consult a dermatologist for personalized recommendations.

*This article is intended for informational purposes only and should not be substituted for medical advice. For medical questions and advice, it is always best to consult with your trained physician.

Sources:

Addor, F. A. S. (2017). Antioxidants in dermatology. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5514576/  

Mayo Clinic. (n.d.). Your Personalized Skin Care Regimen Center for Aesthetic Medicine & Surgery.

Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. (2024, October 15). Center for Aesthetic Medicine & Surgery in Rochester. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/departments-centers/rochester-center-aesthetic-medicine-surgery-mayo-clinic/sections/overview/ovc-20519193 

Should I apply my skin care products in a certain order?. American Academy of Dermatology. (n.d.-b). https://www.aad.org/public/everyday-care/skin-care-basics/care/apply-skin-care-certain-order 

Platelet-derived exosomes are tiny extracellular vesicles released by platelets, carrying bioactive molecules such as proteins, lipids, and genetic material. These structures have emerged as significant mediators of intercellular communication, playing crucial roles in tissue repair, immune modulation, and inflammation. Researchers are increasingly exploring their therapeutic potential in regenerative medicine and beyond.

Platelet-derived exosomes (PLT-EXOs) are nano-sized particles released by activated platelets. They facilitate communication between cells by transferring their molecular cargo, which can influence various physiological and pathological processes. These exosomes are abundant in the bloodstream and participate in maintaining vascular homeostasis, modulating immune responses, and supporting wound healing.

The discovery of platelet-derived exosomes dates back to the early days of exosome research in the 1980s, when these small vesicles were initially described as cellular debris. However, advancements in molecular biology and biochemistry in the late 20th century revealed their intricate role in intercellular communication. By the early 2000s, studies began to highlight the functional significance of exosomes in physiological and pathological processes, including their ability to carry bioactive molecules such as RNA and proteins.

In the context of platelet-derived exosomes, initial research focused on their involvement in hemostasis and thrombosis. Over time, scientists uncovered their broader implications in immune modulation, inflammation, and tissue regeneration. The development of sophisticated isolation and characterization techniques has further propelled the study of platelet-derived exosomes, paving the way for their exploration as therapeutic agents in regenerative medicine and other fields.

Recent discoveries underscore the potential of platelet-derived exosomes in promoting wound healing and skin regeneration. A study by Mayo Clinic highlights the use of a purified exosomal product derived from platelets to heal chronic ischemic wounds. This treatment not only restored skin integrity but also regenerated hair follicles, sweat glands, and normal hydration levels. Such advancements showcase the promise of platelet-derived exosomes in addressing difficult-to-treat wounds.

Platelet-derived exosomes represent a groundbreaking area in medical research. Their ability to harness the body’s natural healing mechanisms offers hope for innovative treatments in wound care, regenerative medicine, hair restoration and other fields. Ongoing research continues to unravel their complex roles and therapeutic possibilities, paving the way for advanced, patient-centered healthcare solutions.

*This article is intended for informational purposes only and should not be substituted for medical advice. For medical questions and advice, it is always best to consult with your trained physician.

Sources:

Cheng, M., Ma, C., Chen, H.-D., Wu, Y., & Xu, X.-G. (2024, July 5). The roles of exosomes in regulating hair follicle growth. Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dermatology. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11232880/ 

Goetzl, E. J., Goetzl, L., Karliner, J. S., Tang, N., & Pulliam, L. (2016, May). Human plasma platelet-derived exosomes: Effects of aspirin. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4836374/ 

Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. (2021, July 6). Mayo Clinic preclinical discovery triggers wound healing, skin regeneration - mayo clinic news network. Mayo Clinic. https://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/mayo-clinic-preclinical-discovery-triggers-wound-healing-skin-regeneration/#:~:text=Derived%20from%20platelets%2C%20the%20purified,skin%20oils%20and%20normal%20hydration

Proffer SL;Paradise CR;DeGrazia E;Halaas Y;Durairaj KK;Somenek M;Sivly A;Boon AJ;Behfar A;Wyles SP; (n.d.). Efficacy and tolerability of topical platelet exosomes for skin rejuvenation: Six-week results. Aesthetic surgery journal. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35689936/ 

Tao, S.-C., Guo, S.-C., & Zhang, C.-Q. (2017, July 6). Platelet-derived extracellular vesicles: An emerging therapeutic approach. International Journal of Biological Sciences. https://www.ijbs.com/v13p0828.htm 

Wei, K., Huang, H., Liu, M., Shi, D., & Ma, X. (2022, April 15). Platelet-derived exosomes and atherothrombosis. Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9051247/#:~:text=Platelet-derived%20exosomes%20(PLT-,important%20role%20in%20intercellular%20communication

Wyles SP;Proffer SL;Farris P;Randall L;Hillestad ML;Lupo MP;Behfar A; (n.d.). Effect of topical human platelet extract (HPE) for facial skin rejuvenation: A histological study of collagen and Elastin. Journal of drugs in dermatology : JDD. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39231070/ 

Wrinkles are a natural part of aging and a testament to a life filled with smiles, laughter, and experience. However, if you'd prefer smoother, firmer skin, modern cosmetic treatments offer effective, non-surgical options to reduce the appearance of wrinkles and rejuvenate your skin.

Wrinkles commonly form on areas exposed to the sun, like the face, neck, and hands. Over time, skin loses elasticity, making it less resilient. Factors such as genetics, UV exposure, smoking, and environmental pollutants further contribute to the appearance of wrinkles.

While there’s nothing unhealthy about wrinkles, maintaining a daily skin care routine and exploring advanced treatments may help enhance skin’s appearance.

Adopting a consistent skin care routine can protect skin and slow signs of aging. A stepwise morning routine may be: 

1. Cleanse: Use a gentle cleanser to remove dirt and impurities.
2. Exfoliate: Apply a physical or chemical exfoliant to remove dead skin cells. Limit to 2-3 times a week if skin is sensitive.
3. Tone: Use a water-based toner to clean and tighten pores.
4. Moisturize: Hydrate your skin to smooth out fine lines and maintain elasticity.
5. Protect: Apply sunscreen daily to shield your skin from harmful UV rays.

For deeper wrinkles and faster results, consult a licensed professional for advanced, non-surgical options:

Laser Resurfacing
Fractional laser therapy is a popular choice, offering two approaches:

• Ablative Lasers: Remove the outer skin layer while heating underlying layers to stimulate collagen production.
• Non-Ablative Lasers: Warm the dermis to boost collagen without removing the outer skin layer, minimizing downtime.

Fractional lasers target specific areas, reducing recovery time and side effects while delivering smoother, tighter skin.

Chemical Peels
Chemical peels remove the outermost layer of skin to reveal smoother skin beneath. Peels range in intensity:

• Superficial Peels: Gentle and ideal for minor wrinkles.
• Medium/Deep Peels: Address deeper wrinkles but may require sedation or pain relief.

Both laser treatments and chemical peels can produce noticeable improvements in skin's appearance. However, these procedures should be performed by licensed professionals who can evaluate each individual's skin and recommend the best approach.

Whether looking for at-home skin care or professional treatments, staying consistent with a skin care routine and seeking guidance from dermatology experts can help achieve healthier, smoother-looking skin.

For more insights on facial skin care and advanced treatments, consult a trusted dermatologist or licensed aesthetician.

Sources: 

Mayo Clinic health letter. Facial skin care. (2024, April).

Maintaining healthy hair and skin is essential for both appearance and overall well-being. Vitamins and nutrients play a crucial role in ensuring your hair and skin look their best. Among these, biotin (Vitamin B7) and niacin (Vitamin B3) are two key vitamins that are often highlighted for their potential benefits to hair and skin health. But how do they work, and should you consider incorporating them into your routine?

Biotin, also known as Vitamin B7, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a crucial role in supporting various metabolic processes, particularly those related to protein and fat metabolism. Since hair and skin are made primarily of proteins like keratin and collagen, biotin is believed to help support the production of these vital components.

Biotin is often promoted as a vitamin that enhances hair health, supporting hair growth and strength. While some studies suggest that biotin deficiency can lead to hair thinning or hair loss, it is essential to note that actual biotin deficiency is quite rare. However, for individuals with biotin deficiency, supplementation may help improve hair quality, leading to stronger, thicker strands and potentially reducing hair loss.

Biotin also plays a role in skin health, as it helps maintain the mucous membranes, which includes the skin’s protective barrier. Insufficient levels of biotin can lead to dry, scaly skin, as well as rashes and dermatitis. In these cases, biotin supplementation might help restore skin moisture and improve its overall texture.

While biotin and niacin can have potential benefits for hair and skin health, it is important to recognize that deficiencies in these vitamins are uncommon in people who follow a balanced diet. Biotin is naturally present in foods such as eggs, nuts, and seeds, while niacin can be found in foods like poultry, fish, and whole grains.

For individuals experiencing hair loss, brittle nails, or skin issues, it is recommended to consult a healthcare provider to determine if a deficiency or another underlying condition is present. In cases of true deficiency, supplements may be helpful, but taking high doses of these vitamins without medical supervision is generally unnecessary and may not lead to significant improvements in hair or skin health.

Biotin and niacin both play important roles in supporting hair and skin health. While deficiencies in these vitamins can lead to hair and skin problems, they are uncommon in individuals who eat a varied diet. Before turning to supplements, it is best to consult with a healthcare professional to determine if these vitamins are right for you and your specific needs. With proper care and the right nutrients, you can help ensure your hair and skin remain healthy and vibrant.

*This article is intended for informational purposes only and should not be substituted for medical advice. For medical questions and advice, it is always best to consult with your trained physician.

Sources: 

Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. (2023, August 10). Niacin. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements-niacin/art-20364984 

Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. (2024b, February 1). Biotin (oral route) description and brand names. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/biotin-oral-route/description/drg-20062359 

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (n.d.). Office of dietary supplements - biotin. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Biotin-Consumer/ 

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (n.d.-b). Office of dietary supplements - niacin. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Niacin-HealthProfessional/ 

Psoriasis and eczema are two common skin conditions that can cause discomfort and frustration. Although they share some similarities, they are distinct conditions with different causes and characteristics.

Effective management of these conditions involves a multifaceted approach that includes medical treatment and lifestyle adjustments. Here are some strategies to help you manage psoriasis and eczema symptoms:

• Topical Treatments: Both conditions can often be managed with topical treatments like corticosteroids, moisturizers, and medicated creams. Consult a dermatologist for guidance on the most suitable options for the specific condition.
• Avoid Triggers: Identify and avoid triggers that worsen symptoms. Common triggers include stress, certain foods, allergens, and harsh skincare products.
• Moisturize Regularly: Keeping the skin well-hydrated is crucial for managing symptoms. Using a fragrance-free moisturizer may help to prevent dryness and itching.
• Prescription Medications: For more severe cases, a healthcare provider may prescribe oral medications or biologics to manage symptoms.
• Stress Management: Reducing stress through relaxation techniques like meditation, yoga, and deep breathing can be beneficial for both conditions.
• Healthy Lifestyle: Maintain a healthy diet and lifestyle, as these factors can have a positive impact on skin's overall health.
• Regular Check-ups: Regularly consult with a dermatologist to monitor the condition and adjust the treatment plan as needed.

Skin folds or the areas where skin rubs against itself, can be a breeding ground for various skin issues if not properly cared for. Moisture, warmth, and friction create an environment for irritation, rashes, and fungal infections.

To make the best use of antifungal powder for skin folds, follow these steps:

• Cleanse the area: Before applying any powder, it is important to clean and thoroughly dry the skin fold. Gently pat the area with a clean towel to remove excess moisture.
• Apply the antifungal powder: Add a generous amount of the antifungal powder onto the clean, dry skin fold. Cover the entire area, paying attention to the creases and folds
• Gently rub in: Using your fingers, gently rub the powder into the skin fold. This will help the powder to stick and create a protective barrier against moisture and fungi.
• Repeat as necessary: Depending on the individual’s level of activity and the weather, they may need to reapply the powder throughout the day to keep the area dry.

Caring for skin folds can help prevent irritation, chafing, and fungal infections. Using an antifungal powder for skin folds can be an effective way to keep these areas dry and healthy.

In today's health-conscious world, many people are re-evaluating their daily routines and skin care products they use. One such choice gaining popularity is the switch to aluminum-free deodorant. While anti-perspirants contain aluminum compounds to block sweat, aluminum-free deodorants eliminate odor, but not sweat. Below are three considerations for choosing an aluminum-free deodorant.

Aluminum-free deodorants can contain natural ingredients to help combat odor effectively. Essential oils, such as lavendar and tea tree, can provide a pleasant scent while potentially offering antibacterial properties to help keep you feeling fresh throughout the day. With aluminum-free options, you may be able to confidently tackle odor without synthetic fragrances or harsh ingredients.

The market for aluminum-free deodorants has expanded considerably in recent years, offering a wide variety of scents, formulations, and application approaches. Whether you prefer a stick, a roll-on, a cream, or a spray, there are several choices of aluminum-free deodorants you can shop for that suit your personal preference. Many brands also offer unscented options for those who prefer a fragrance-free experience. This variety of selections allows you to customize your deodorant choice to meet your specific needs and lifestyle.

When it comes to skincare products, achieving desirable results relies not only on the formulation but also on the quality of ingredients used. A great formula alone cannot compensate for poor-quality ingredients. On the other hand, even with the best ingredients, a poorly executed formulation can result in subpar product. Therefore, for a company to create an excellent skincare product, it must prioritize both high-quality ingredients and a well-constructed formula.

Some products may contain the same ingredient, such as vitamin C, claiming to be the best in terms of antioxidant abilities. However, the quality and effectiveness of these ingredients can differ significantly. It is important to be skeptical of excessive advertising and to understand that not all products with the same ingredients are equal. Clinical evidence and careful evaluations are necessary to determine the true efficacy of a product.

In skincare product formulation and development, the price of the final product does not always indicate its quality. Manufacturers have the choice to select ingredients of different qualities to meet various price points. Less expensive products may contain lower-grade ingredients, allowing manufacturers to maintain profitability. Conversely, higher-priced products may still include lower-quality ingredients to maximize profits.

Ingredient quality plays a crucial role in skincare products. Consumers deserve to know what they are applying to their skin and trust that the products they use are effective and safe. By opting for skincare products that utilize pharmaceutical-grade ingredients, consumers may have confidence in the purity and efficacy of the formulations.

While ingredient quality is paramount, the formulation process itself is equally significant. Properly combining the ingredients in the right proportions and employing scientific principles ensures optimal results. The formulation process involves the precise mixing of ingredients and following specific protocols to create a cohesive and effective product. This requires expertise and an understanding of the chemistry involved. If the formulation process is flawed, even the best-quality ingredients will not deliver the desired outcomes.

*This article is intended for informational purposes only and should not be substituted for medical advice. For medical questions and advice, it is always best to consult with your trained physician.

Sources:

Ingredient Quality. (n.d.). iS CLINICAL. Retrieved May 26, 2023, from https://isclinicaledu.com/courses/ingredients/lessons/ingredient-quality/.

Pharmaceutical Grade VS Cosmetic Grade Ingredients. (n.d.-b). iS CLINICAL. Retrieved May 26, 2023, from https://isclinicaledu.com/courses/ingredients/lessons/pharmaceutical-grade-vs-cosmetic-grade-ingredients/.